Copyright 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of the GNU MP Library. The GNU MP Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either: * the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. or * the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. or both in parallel, as here. The GNU MP Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received copies of the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License along with the GNU MP Library. If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/. INTEL P6 MPN SUBROUTINES This directory contains code optimized for Intel P6 class CPUs, meaning PentiumPro, Pentium II and Pentium III. The mmx and p3mmx subdirectories have routines using MMX instructions. STATUS Times for the loops, with all code and data in L1 cache, are as follows. Some of these might be able to be improved. cycles/limb mpn_add_n/sub_n 3.7 mpn_copyi 0.75 mpn_copyd 1.75 (or 0.75 if no overlap) mpn_divrem_1 39.0 mpn_mod_1 21.5 mpn_divexact_by3 8.5 mpn_mul_1 5.5 mpn_addmul/submul_1 6.35 mpn_l/rshift 2.5 mpn_mul_basecase 8.2 cycles/crossproduct (approx) mpn_sqr_basecase 4.0 cycles/crossproduct (approx) or 7.75 cycles/triangleproduct (approx) Pentium II and III have MMX and get the following improvements. mpn_divrem_1 25.0 integer part, 17.5 fractional part mpn_l/rshift 1.75 NOTES Write-allocate L1 data cache means prefetching of destinations is unnecessary. Mispredicted branches have a penalty of between 9 and 15 cycles, and even up to 26 cycles depending how far speculative execution has gone. The 9 cycle minimum penalty comes from the issue pipeline being 9 stages. A copy with rep movs seems to copy 16 bytes at a time, since speeds for 4, 5, 6 or 7 limb operations are all the same. The 0.75 cycles/limb would be 3 cycles per 16 byte block. CODING Instructions in general code have been shown grouped if they can execute together, which means up to three instructions with no successive dependencies, and with only the first being a multiple micro-op. P6 has out-of-order execution, so the groupings are really only showing dependent paths where some shuffling might allow some latencies to be hidden. REFERENCES "Intel Architecture Optimization Reference Manual", 1999, revision 001 dated 02/99, order number 245127 (order number 730795-001 is in the document too). Available on-line: http://download.intel.com/design/PentiumII/manuals/245127.htm "Intel Architecture Optimization Manual", 1997, order number 242816. This is an older document mostly about P5 and not as good as the above. Available on-line: http://download.intel.com/design/PentiumII/manuals/242816.htm ---------------- Local variables: mode: text fill-column: 76 End: